Criminology The Evolution of Crime Essay - 1003 Words

Criminology has evolved over history into becoming a discipline all its own, along the way it grew and developed from a multiple sources of disciplines to become an integration of various theories. Reasons that seek to explain crime and deviant behaviors has mirrored the time in which research was being conducted and as time continues to change it is to be expected more theories will arise to incorporate past theories to become ever more inclusive. It is important to understand this development from the formulation of theories, the evolution of, the determining factors in testing, particular process such as social learning that are upheld as strong empirically sound theories in order for scholars to continue to advance further studies. But†¦show more content†¦1). Criminology arose from the social scientific community over the year and has since come into its own discipline, it examines the entire process of lawmaking, law breaking, and law enforcing† (as cited in Aker s, Sellers, 2013). Criminology seeks to discover the depth of crime at both the micro and macro levels, from the individual’s natural biological and psychological characteristics, the nurturing of social and structural institutions, to policy, prevention and control. Most importantly are that theories must be clear and understandable so that they may be tested, otherwise they will be undermined and unable to be put up against practice. Theories are expected to pass certain prerequisites laid out in science i.e. logical consistency, scope and parsimony. Or in other words a theory should be clearly defined, incorporate an inclusive scope, but is explained using a limited reasoning. A theory is best if it can avoid being tautological in nature, although sometimes unavoidable, nevertheless a theories empirical validity and reliability is what the scientific community relies upon when determining the overall value of theories. After all, the ultimate reason scientist theorize is to solve the puzzle orShow MoreRelatedEssay about Criminological Theories1544 Words   |  7 Pages One in particular is the different theories of crime and how they affect the criminal justice system. The Classical School of criminology is a theory about evolving from a ca pital punishment type of view to more humane ways of punishing people. Positivist criminology is maintaining the control of human behavior and criminal behavior. They did this through three different categories of Biological studies, which are five methodologies of crime that were mainly focused on biological theories, PsychologicalRead MorePositivist Criminology And The German School Of Three Scholars : Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri And Raffaele Garofalo Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesPositivist criminology represents the first systematic and scientific study of crime (Bradley Walters, 2011), and this emergence of positivist criminology is associated with the Italian School of three scholars: Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo (Bradley Walters, 2011). Positivist criminology radically proposed that crime was a non-rational product of under socialisation and could be studied, via clinical and statistical methods, in the same way scientists studied the naturalRea d MoreA Particular Piece Of Work From Michael Tornry And Catrien Bijleveld Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pagesreview essay will focus on a particular piece of work from Michael Tornry and Catrien Bijleveld (2007). The material evaluated, â€Å"Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology in the Netherlands† come from the Journal of Crime and Justice, 35(1), 1-30. This essay will first incorporate a summary with detail of the country’s reputation, population, criminal justice system, crimes and incarceration trends, research, etc. Next, identify two positive elements the context reveals in the article and two issuesRead MoreCriminology And The Criminal Justice System824 Words   |  4 PagesAs it pertains to the last ten years, Criminology and its relevance to the criminal justice system has been taught internationally to a number of students seeking employment within the criminal justice field. Criminology (as a whole) is a comprehensive study of criminal behavior, crime as a social matter, and criminal conduct. This is best explained in Stout’s book titled Applied Criminology when it is stated that â€Å"Different criminological theories emerge from different contexts, are shaped by differentRead MoreThe Study Of Criminology Has Long Been Forgotten, And When1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe study of Criminology has long been forgotten, and when the first studies began they focused their attention on men. The criminal world was dominated by men, and to include women in such studies was unusual. Women were considered inferior beings, and when it came to female delinquents they were compared to a monster, just like Lombroso. Traditional criminology considered female delinquency to be considered unusual and improper for women, since it was not according to the role they had to playRead More3 Key Differences between Orthodox and Critical Criminologies762 Words   |  3 Pageskey differences between orthodox and critical criminologies? Use examples of readings that reflect both criminologies to illustrate your response. Orthodox criminology refers to the how criminologists accept the states ideas of crime without thinking of power relations. This thinking is shared by everyone and becomes a universal idea and these ideas are in the interests of everyone. However, certain groups of individuals are targeted and blamed for crimes based on their class, race, gender, sexualityRead MoreThe Various Theories of Criminology 1276 Words   |  5 PagesCriminology is defined as an interdisciplinary profession built around the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior including their forms, causes, legal aspects, and control. There are many aspects in the field of criminology. These aspects include the areas of research involved, the criminology schools of thought, theoretical developments and the people involved in creating and developing the theories. What role do criminologists play in the field of criminology? The term criminologistRead MoreContemporary Landscape Of Crime, Order And Control : Governance, Risk And Globalization Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pagesarticle under review is â€Å"Contemporary Landscape of Crime, Order and control: Governance, Risk and Globalization†. The article is coauthored by two esteemed individuals with a solid background in related studies these individuals are Ian Loader and Richards Sparks. According to the introductory portion of the article, the authors intend to use the article to highlight and discuss the pertinent and imminent changes in the landscape of criminology around the world with respect to the early twenty firstRead MoreCriminal Crime Theory Essay853 Words   |  4 Pages As part of human nature we seek to define and explain the unknown. When it comes to crime, we develop theories to explain why criminals do what they do. Theories like Social Structure theories, Social proc ess theories, and social conflict theories. Each theory has its own developed ideas on what makes people tick, what causes bad thoughts, bad actions and bad people. This paper will discuss the theories listed above and the logic behind them that explain criminal behavior. The first theory to argueRead MoreCesare Lombroso s Role As A Criminology Thinker1115 Words   |  5 PagesCesare Lombroso was a significant contributor the subject of criminology. Some even make stipulations that he is the father of criminologist. His studies at the University of Pavia contributed greatly to his eventual role as a criminology thinker. His works attracted both positive and negative reception, and Wolfgang considers it a name most eulogized and attacked (Marvin. 1960, p.232). He is the flag bearer of biological positivism and was mainly influential in Europe and North America. His proposition

Web-site Search Free Essays

Decisions about who Is considered needy and how they are to be helped are dependent on our economic development, political views, and are often dependent on government resources (Stern Axial, 2012). In research, primary data sources are beneficial when assisting the learner to completely understand every facet of a topic as It relates to the topic of discussion or a body of work. As it pertains to social welfare, it is vital to build a foundation which encompasses past, present and future happenings that will impact the body of work. We will write a custom essay sample on Web-site Search or any similar topic only for you Order Now While doing research web-sites about primary documents as it relates social welfare policy, the following site seemed useful http://www. Ass. Gob/history/PDF/heisted. PDF. The Historical Development document discusses the history of the U. S. Social Welfare structure. There is also an interactive timeline provided for the Social Security Acts and the Development of U. S. Social Security Programs. One is provided a sequential view of the progression of the Development of U. S. Social Security Programs, such as unemployment, Public Assistance, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families In 1 996 TAN), Public Housing, National School Lunch Program and the Food Stamp Program, amongst many more programs. This tool has provided this learner an insight to the key historical, political and social events that have impacted our country. As The united States approached the sass’s, the Great Depression was upon us, which resulted in our government taking a greater role in helping the poor and the establishment of the Social Security Act of 1935. As one continues to study the history of social welfare, we will began to gain a better understanding of what drives our programs as well as how we can contribute to their success. Reference: Axial, J. , Stern, M. (2012). Social welfare: A history of the American response to need (8th deed. ). Boston, MA: Allan and Bacon. Http://www. Ass. Gob/holster/PDF/ Halsted. PDF. Web-site Search By Krishna reforms of today. Be sure to format your citation in proper PAP format in your The history of Human Services is important for us to understand so we can grasp the goals of our current social welfare programs. How to cite Web-site Search, Papers

Accounting Information Systems and Development Projects

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Information Systems and Development Projects. Answer: Introduction With the due passage of time, the business proceedings have undergone a vast change. The presence of accounting information system has provided an immense boost to the system. One of the major landmarks is brought by the presence of big data that brings huge potential to the business (Caroll, 2014). In this report, the major emphasis will be on big data and its implications for the organization. To ensure an in-depth evaluation, a case study has been selected where the practical implication and challenge of big data is studied in a financial institution that is Bank of America. The case has been structured in the form of background, challenges, and benefits. Big Data Big Data can be stated as a huge data volume that is structured, as well as unstructured that cover the business every day. However, it is not the data amount that is vital. It all depends upon the organization. Big data can be evaluated to get an insight into the business that leads to better decision making and strategic motive of the business. The concept of big data gained popularity in the 2000s when the analyst of the industry spread the utility of big data as volume, velocity, and variety (Tim et. al, 2012). The benefit of big data does not consider the quantity of data rather the work that needs to be done. Data can be selected from any source and be evaluated to find answer pertaining to the reduction of cost, reduction of time and development of new product. The integration of big data along with the system of BI is a strong step towards the attainment of return on investment. Big Data, as well as business analytics, are complimentary in nature. Big data can lead to an in-depth investigational focus on the data while BI leads to a strongly structured experience of the user (Mitchell, 2014). Big data helps in reporting, as well as performance management and important when it comes to making of advanced analytics in action. Examples of commercial software that deal with Big Data: Cloudera It is among the initial Hadoop offerings and popular because of more installations as compared to other rivals. It contributes Impala that provides real-time parallel processing of Big Data to Hadoop (Mitchell, 2014). Microsoft HDInsight It is engineered to work on cloud platform of Microsofts Azure. Microsoft Hadoop dwells on Horton work and is the only Hadoop offering that functions in a window environment (Van Venzke, 2015). Pivotal HD It forms a part of the Big Data suite that contains database tools Greenplum and Gemfire (Van Venzke, 2015). It helps in the maximization of the possibilities and develops the real-time analysis. Background Big data leads to a strong business insight that encompasses traditional data from the e transactional system. When it comes to a financial institution, cost savings is much beyond the business goal that is the executive compulsion. Bank of America has huge assets size that exceeds $2.2 in the year 2012 and a humongous consumer base of 50 million and hence, tagged as the big data business years ago. The bank is stressing on big data because it leads to an approach that is integrated into nature and will lead to an organization that is integrated. The scenario for big data is thought of in three different manners that are the big transactional data, data regarding customers, and unstructured data (Thomas Davenport, 2013). As the bank had a large amount of customer data that spans across several channels and links, the historical data of the bank was difficult to be evaluated immediately and therefore, the major reliance was on the systematic samples. With the help of big data technol ogy, it can enhance the process and evaluate the data from the full customer set (Mitchell, 2014). The big data enabled the bank to understand the customers across various channels thereby enabling the bank to provide dedicated services to the customers at large. Challenges of Big Data The big challenge that Big Data brings is to know the multi-channel relationship. The customer journey is being evaluated through various websites, tellers, and various brand personnel that helps in understanding the path the customers follows through the bank and the impact of such path on the purchase of a specific financial service. Further, the sources of data on multi-channel journey of customers are unstructured or semi-structured in nature. It contains website clicks, records of various transactions, bankers note and other recordings from the call centers. In this scenario, it needs to be noted that the volume is very high (Crossman, 2012). However, the bank will understand the journey and describe them with the name of the segment that will ensure the interaction of the customer remains a top notch, the reasons for attrition can be known and customers problem can be known. This remains one of the biggest challenges because the data set is complex in the scenario but the payoff is high (Chintamaneni, 2016). Moreover, a business decision with big data for the bank even involves various other traditional areas like the risk management, supply chain, and pricing. The utilization of external data to enhance the analysis leads to issue in the big data. When it comes to supplying chain decision, banks are using ex ternal data for the purpose of evaluation and assessment of supply chain risks. Further, big data technologies require a hardware or software platform that includes the servers (parallel servers) by utilizing the Hadoop/MapReduce in terms of database processing. The evaluation that would have required hours or days can be done in few seconds. To complement the technologies of rapid nature, faster analytical techniques and machine learning technique must be put into an implementation that will produce the result at a higher rate (Chintamaneni, 2016). The challenge that arises in this scenario is to adapt to the new operational movement and decision-making process so that advantage of the technology can be taken. One problem that can arise in this case is that there is scarce of good talent. Going by the case when the company uses the new innovative technique, it will need a staff of high caliber and strong understanding. Programming and knowledge of statistics are needed to control the procedure. Additionally, profiles of data element should be created. The profile must be created to consider the clarity of record. Benefits of Big Data The banking industry rides on immense risk, therefore, every loan, as well as an investment is needed to be assessed. Big data in the above-mentioned case of Bank of America can provide an in-depth insight into the system, transaction, as well as environment that helps in mitigating the risk. Banks can assess the factors that lead to low-interest loans or invest in rebuilding. Moreover, the bank can evaluate the factors that lead to default on loans and craft new strategies that will strengthen the system (Thomas Davenport, 2013). The system can be made more transparent that will help the institutions to trace the internal, as well as external malpractices and trace the pattern of the past to prevent fraud. With the availability of data, the bank can gain previous information associated with every customer. Hence, it leads to a better view of the customers requirements and enables them to address the requirements in a proactive manner. Further, big data will bind various organizations like marketing, IT and sales to work in together. According to the situation, the bank can respond that helps in ensuring a strong financial service. Further, the presence of big data also provides up-to-date information regarding the customers who are wealthy and the pattern of choice they make. This enables the bank to provide them the services that will cater to their interest (Thomas Davenport, 2013). The performance of employees can even be done and branch budget can be made with the help of it. The past achievements can be taken into consideration for achieving the goal. Additionally, it can be used to target the concept of training and educate the employee in terms of achievement of the goals. Bank s can even use performance data regarding products, features, and services that provide new offerings in tune to the demand of the customers. Banks can easily plan for the future course of action. Going by the internal and external data availability, the bank can trace the pattern, address the problems and hunt for goals that enhance upon the metrics of history. When graphs, chart, and animation are used, interfaces of customized type enables the users to check the data. Queries can be run by the managers and reports must be pulled as per the needs (Shanker, 2014). The percentage of loans can be evaluated by monthly, type and other operating expenses. Conclusion The above discussion clearly indicates that big data provide immense solidity to the business. The case study of the Bank of America is a glaring example where the presence of big data leads to cost savings and enhance the system of transaction. This, in turn, leads to effective by the bank that caters to the requirement of the business. The advantages of big data are manifold and along with the benefit come major challenges that need to be faced to ensure the high yielding result. The work culture and the capacity of the business have undergone huge change with the availability of big data. References Carroll, J.M 2014, Computer security, Butterworth-Heinemann. Chintamaneni, P 2016, How Banks are capitalizing on a new wave of Big data and analytics, viewed 4 April 2017, https://hbr.org/sponsored/2016/11/how-banks-are-capitalizing-on-a-new-wave-of-big-data-and-analytics Crossman, P 2012, 9 Big Data challenges bank face, viewed 4 April 2017, https://www.americanbanker.com/news/9-big-data-challenges-banks-face Mitchell, R.L 2014, 8 big trends in big data analytics, viewed 4 March 2017 https://www.computerworld.com/article/2690856/big-data/8-big-trends-in-big-data-analytics.html Shanker, S 2014, The Difference Between Traditional Accounting Computerized Accounting viewed 3 April 2017 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-traditional-accounting-computerized-accounting-4021.html Thomas H Davenport, J.D 2013, Big Data in Big Companies, viewed 3 April 2017, https://docs.media.bitpipe.com/io_10x/io_102267/item_725049/Big-Data-in-Big-Companies.pdf Tim,M, Manyika,J, Chui, M, James, M Chui,M 2012, Why Big Data is the new competitive advantage, viewed 3 April 2017, https://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/why-big-data-is-the-new-competitive-advantage/ Van A.S. Venzke, C 2015, Predatory Innovation in Software Markets, Harvard Journal of Law Technology vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 46-55